Thursday, August 27, 2020

Essay examples --

Area and format: A physical area is critical to our firm yet a site will make our administrations increasingly open to more clients situated in various locales. Physical area should be workplaces that incorporate little workplaces for our HR, web specialist lastly rooms and gathering space for the preparation. The location ought to be in a local where there are a ton of workplaces and organizations. Such an area will be compelling on the grounds that it will place us in vicinity to organizations that we can undoubtedly reach and in their turn will get the message out about us snappier. Additionally being situated close to other realized organizations makes finding us simpler by alluding to their workplaces or area to be close to us. We won’t purchase the property however have a rent, ideally to have landowner who will be liable for property assessments, protection and support. . The workplace ought to have a space for the primary preparing and a space for open workplaces where representatives will have various undertakings to do. The all out square meter ought to be somewhere in the range of 50 and 60 to meters squares. We discovered workplaces with comparative criteri...

Saturday, August 22, 2020

A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) Assignment

A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1590) - Assignment Example here and there â€Å"v† speaks to the/u/sound as in â€Å"vnto.† Definitely, be that as it may, the way of life couldn't have cared less about the sound as much as they thought about the spelling. Then again, since a similar word is spelled reliably like â€Å"watche† and â€Å"solemne,† it just appears that English culture may not be messy yet might be one that favors somebody in a rush to record highlights. Because of the unpredictability of the image regarding subtlety, it is conceivable that the engraver’s aptitude and instruments were agreeable. The artist’s abilities may likewise be adequate as he had the option to draw the Indian town utilizing third-dimensional perspective. Through the marketing experts, individuals may discover that the individuals of the New World are somewhat harmony adoring and joined as a network. They will likewise be thought of as composed and strict. In any case, a few Europeans may see them either as crude as a result of their utilization of fire, or as fit to be utilized as slaves as they develop great plants like tobacco and corn. The Indians accumulate around a wide plot to meet with their neighbors, to praise their serious blowouts and to participate in fun after the gala. The Indians likewise gather themselves together to state their grave supplications. There is likewise a spot where they make fire to illuminate their banquets. The two eyewitnesses mentioned such objective facts and plainly and deliberately reported the exercises of the town of Secota in light of the fact that they needed to by one way or another get a plan of what it resembles to live among the Native Americans. The eyewitnesses did this since they themselves needed to set up a settlement in that place. To the Europeans, an away from of the life of Native Americans is fundamental to building a durable and agreeable relationship with them. The two onlookers gave sensible depictions of Indian culture since they made such cases from a conventional observer’s perspective. There were no subtleties or clarifications regarding why the Indians were meeting their neighbors or directing

Friday, August 21, 2020

Blog Archive MBA News mbaMission Releases Yale Insiders Guide

Blog Archive MBA News mbaMission Releases Yale Insiders Guide Since 2008, we at mbaMission have literally been writing the book on the top business schools with our Insiders Guide series. An MBA program is far more than just a name and a brand, and each of our Insiders Guides goes beyond the stereotypes to provide you with powerful insight into the true character of your target business school. We break down defining characteristics of each profiled schools location, class size, curriculum, teaching methods, facilities, alumni base/involvement and rankings, and discuss the primary resources each program offers in the professional areas most popular with today’s MBAs. We even tell you about notable professors, classes and social events, plus admission and employment statistics, and much more. This year, we have proudly added the Insiders Guide to the Yale School of Management, with Admissions Director Bruce Delmonico’s stamp of approval, to our suite of guides. The 2011â€"2012 Yale SOM Insiders Guide, as well as 14 other updated guides on su ch schools as Harvard Business School, the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Chicago Booth and the Kellogg School of Management, are available now for purchase in our store. Check them out, and we hope they help you pinpoint the right MBA program for you. Share ThisTweet News Yale University (School of Management)

Monday, May 25, 2020

CHAGAS disease in South America Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Wild animals are the largest reservoir of T. cruzi and precisely for this reason; it is not possible to eradicate the parasite completely. The generalized measures that are employed to contain the disease as per the WHO guidelines can be listed as per the following. 1. House modifications to prevent vector infestation 2. Maintaining a good hygiene in food storage, consumption and preparation. 3. Use of bednets during sleeping in the prone area. 4. Disinfecting the area through spray of insecticides 5. All blood donors to be screened for infection 6. Newborns from infected mothers to be screened 7. Donors of organ and tissue to be tested for the disease (World health Organization 2010) A New Initiative in 2007 by W. H.O A new global initiative was launched in 2007 by WHO experts to prevent the transmission of disease. A way back during 1980s, some 20 million people were infected from the disease; currently, it is down to less than 8 million people that remains infected. The WHO Global Network for Chagas Elimination is made of technical groups of experts and their efforts are directed towards: 1. Identifying a diagnostic test for screening and diagnosis of illness; 2.We will write a custom essay sample on CHAGAS disease in South America or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Leadership Traits, Skills, And Style Questionnaires

Reflection Assignment By: Lukas Corbo Professor: John Amendola Date: April 16, 2015 Analysis: For this assignment, I have decided to use the leadership trait, skills and style questionnaires. For this questionnaire, I asked 5 different people that know me in different contexts in life, such as personal, school, and work environments. For the majority, I rated myself higher on the traits than my fellow colleagues. On some of the traits however, I was rated higher than what I thought. Overall, I averaged a 4/5 which means that everyone agreed with the traits that were given. For the style questionnaire, I found out that I place more emphasis in building relationships rather than completing tasks. Finally, the skills questionnaire, my leadership skills are in the high range for technical skills, and my human and conceptual skills are in the moderate range. For the trait questionnaire, I was very surprised at the findings. One trait that surprised me the most was the determination trait. I personally believe that I am a determined individual because if I have an idea, I stand by it 100%. My colleagues and my family however, thought differently and rated me neutrally for the most part. Other than that trait, I can see why the people I asked to rate me did so that way. For the skills questionnaire, I was surprised that I have more technical skills than human skills. The reason why I was surprised is because on a day to day basis, I interact with differentShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories: Learning About Transformational Leadership and Authentic Leadership1470 Words   |  6 Pagesvery useful for future practice and application. Through the myriad of different leadership theories and approaches, I have developed a better understanding of the historical, political, social, cultural, psychological, and organizational contexts in which leadership occurs. I am knowledgeable on several ways to identify personnel who may be make for better leaders using the Trait Approach, Skills Approach, and Style Approach. I am also able to better match leaders with subordinates by using theRead MoreKey Strengths And Limitations Of Leadership1647 Words   |  7 PagesIn developing oneself for leadership it is important to know yourself. Being aware of your own strengths and limitations will help you know who you are. Knowing who you are will help you lead others when dealing with a stressful or difficult situation. For instance, when you don’t know yourself, it would be impossible to try and understand someone else’s perspective of themselves and try to give advice or lead them in a direction to deal with strengths or weakness’s they may have. If you are notRead MoreDifferent Definitions Of Leadership, Skills, And Behavioral Styles That Set Me Apart From Everyone Else?1336 Words   |  6 Pageskeep it up or improve on the said skills. With different definitions of leadership, different people also view my leadership skills differently. This is simply because I possess certain traits, skills and behavioral styles that set me apart from everyone else. Having completed the three surveys which includes; Five-Factor Trait Model, Skills inventory and Situational leadership surveys, a friend completed the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Five- Factor Trait Model After I completed the shortRead MoreSuccess And Failure Of Successful Leaders980 Words   |  4 PagesSuccessful Leaders Traits Successful leaders have common traits; they never give up. Success and failure often times comes hand in hand in life, but the ability to keep going and staying focus distinguish the successful leaders. Also, successful healthcare leaders have a clear vision of what success will look like in a specific time period. They know how to plan for it, how to communicate and direct it, and how to implement it. They dream big and look forward to overcoming the challenges their visionRead MoreLeadership Theory And Practice Of Leadership874 Words   |  4 Pageswhatever topic or approach to leadership Peter Northouse (2013) was discussing in his book Leadership Theory and Practice. Each one of these self-assessments were intended to help me in discovering who I was as a person and a leader. Some of the leadership self-assessments included the Least Preferred Coworker Measure from the Contingency Theory chapter, the Leader-Member Exchange Questionnaire from the Leader-Member Exchange Theory chapter, and the Servant Leadership Questionnaire from the chapter thatRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Moral Lapse1633 Words   |  7 PagesLeaders fail often. The challenges of leadership are often complex an d extremely demanding, which often leads to leadership failure. For most failure leads to a dead end while for others growth is achieved from failures. From former president John F. Kennedy’s moral lapse to the defeats of Apple founder Steve Jobs, the road to leadership can be devastating. Being a leader is fluid, and involves many unforeseen factors and traits. John F. Kennedy as this countries leader helped pave the way forRead MoreThe Path Goal Theory Of Leadership751 Words   |  4 Pages Wk4AssgnJLayman: Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Walden University Ph.D. Public Policy and Administration â€Æ' Introduction This is an introduction to the Path-Goal Leadership Questionnaire, introduced in Chapter 6 of the textbook â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Practice† by Peter Northouse, a set of questions, designed to measure a leader’s path-goal style of leadership, or their ability to assess and meet the needs of the follower (Northouse, 2016). Developed by House Mitchell (1975), the path-goalRead MoreLeadership Assessment1529 Words   |  7 PagesMGMT 615 Leadership Assessment Mary M. McMurrin University of Maryland University College Final Paper In order for someone to be an effective leader, one would have to bestow certain skills and characteristics or some can be obtained over a period of time. Various assessments and questionnaires are designed to measure and give insight on certain skills or traits an individual may have. Some of those assessments includeRead MoreLeadership Through A Different Lens1003 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Through A Different Lens Situational approach is either applying supportive or directive behaviors to specific situations. Every situation is unique which is why different methods should be applied accordingly, depending on the dynamics of the situation. To determine what behaviors are needed, a leader must analyze his or her followers’ commitment and competence. On the Situational Leadership Questionnaire, the developmental level questions were answer correctly, to what actions shouldRead MoreThe Role Of Personality Traits Of A Leader1023 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis Paper The three empirical articles primarily studies is about leadership and how personality traits of a leader can reflect and affect his or her role. The first article was conducted by Liliendfel, Waldman, Landfield, Watts, Rubenzer, and Faschingbauer in 2012 titled, â€Å"Fearless Dominance and the U.S. Presidency: Implications of Psychopathic Personality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership† whose purpose is to evaluate and measure the personality of the 42 U.S. presidents

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The American Dream - 1498 Words

I learned in my Biology and Chemistry class that there are no two people in our world that are exactly the same. There is always something that makes someone unique and one of a kind, whether it is in their physical appearance or personality. There are different types of people, we see and do things differently, and we aim for different prizes. What matters to me might not matter to you, what is important to you might be irrelevant to me. People have different point of views, just like people have different goals in life. Some people want to be successful financially, some wants to be successful mentally and emotionally, and some people just want to secure the future of their love ones. Whatever it might be, they are all objectives that†¦show more content†¦A lot of teenage girls are expected to get pregnant at an early age, if not they are expected to stay at home and take care of their children for their husbands. On the other hand, some teenage boys are expected to drop o ut from school to help their family. These stereotypes creates a barrier to pursue their dreams because it discourages them that they have the capacity to turn their dreams into reality. Not only that but it could also affect the way of their thinking and make them lose will to work hard in life. The writer of the article Meaning of the American Dream, Ethan Lazuk, states â€Å"Immigrants in the U.S., however, are more likely to define the American dream as the pursuit of opportunity, a good job, owning a home and in many cases, safety from war or persecution.† In other words, immigrants tend to have a deeper meaning for American Dream. People that came from other countries have a deeper purpose on living in America. They want to give their children a better future because most of the countries that immigrants came from are third world countries. Third world countries have less opportunities for children, less opportunity to get an education, to get a job, to own a house, and to live in a safe place. Some countries, specifically in Middle East, are not safe to live in because of the terrorists dominating there. People from these countries move to America f Coming from an immigrant family and as an immigrant myself, I believeShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Pile Foundations Essay Example For Students

Pile Foundations Essay CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. OVERVIEW OF FOUNDATIONS The word foundation is derived from a latin word fondare meaning to set or ground on something solid. A foundation is that part of a structure which transmits the weight of the structure to the ground in a manner that the soil below does not fail in shear and the settlement is within the safe limits. Foundations are broadly classified into two categories: †¢ Shallow Foundation †¢ Deep Foundation A shallow foundation, according to Terzaghi is one whose width is greater than its depth ie. D/ B or = 1. The main types of shallow foundations are footings are footings and raft or mat foundation. Footings can be further subdivided as shown below: †¢ Strip Footing †¢ Spread or Isolated footing †¢ Combined Footing †¢ Strap or Cantilever Footing. The loads must be spread to the soil in a manner such that its limiting strength is not exceeded and resulting deformations are tolerable. Shallow foundations accomplish this by spreading the loads laterally, hence the term spread footing. Whereas spread footing (or simply footing) supports a single column, a mat is a special footing used to support several randomly spaced columns or to support several rows of parallel columns and may underlie a portion of or the entire building. The mat may also be supported, in turn, by piles or drilled piers. Foundations supporting machinery and such are sometimes termed bases. Machinery and the like can produce substantial load intensity over a small area, so the base is used as a load-spreading device similar to the footing. Deep foundations are analogous to spread footings but distribute the load vertically rather than horizontally. The terms drilled pier and drilled caisson are for the pile type member that is constructed by drilling a 0. 76m diameter hole in the soil, adding reinforcing as necessary, and backfilling. On the other hand, a deep foundation is that which transmits the load at considerable depth below the ground surface. The main distinction between a deep foundation and a shallow foundation is generally made according to Terzaghi’s criterion which as discussed earlier termed shallow foundation as that which its depth equals or is less than its width. A very prominent example of deep foundation that will be discussed extensively in this work is the pile foundation. 1. 2WHAT IS A PILE? A pile is a slender structural member made of steel, concrete or wood which transfer the load to a deeper soil or rock of larger bearing capacity. Piles are generally driven, drilled or jacked into the ground. Depending on the type of soil, pile material, load transmitting characteristics etc. , piles are classified accordingly as will be discussed later. Alongside piles, pile cap is a vital component of a pile foundation. Pile foundations have been used as load carrying and load transferring systems for many years. In the early days of civilization, from the communication, defense or strategic point of view villages and towns were situated near to rivers and lakes. It was therefore important to strengthen the bearing ground with some form of piling. Timber piles were driven in to the ground by hand or holes were dug and filled with sand and stones. In 1740 Christoffoer Polhem invented pile driving equipment which resembled to days pile driving mechanism. Steel piles have been used since 1800 and concrete piles since about 1900. The industrial revolution brought about important changes to pile driving system through the invention of steam and diesel driven machines. More recently, the growing need for housing and construction has forced authorities and development agencies to exploit lands with poor soil characteristics. This has led to the development and improved piles and pile driving systems. Today there are many advanced techniques of pile installation. 1. FUNCTION OF PILES Just like other types of foundations, the purpose of pile foundations is: 1. To carry vertical compression load to a solid ground. 2. To resist uplift load. 3. To resist horizontal or inclined loads A structure can be founded on piles if the soil immediately beneath its base does not have adequate bearing capacity. If the results of site investigation show that the shallow soil is unstable and weak or if the magnitude of the estimated settlement is not accepta ble a pile foundation may become considered. Considering the cost estimatation, pile foundation may pose to be cheaper compared to any other ground improvement and development costs. In the cases of heavy constructions, it is likely that the bearing capacity of the shallow soil will not be satisfactory, and the construction should be built on pile foundations. Piles can also be used in normal ground conditions to resist horizontal loads. Piles are a convenient method of foundation for works over water, such as jetties or bridge piers. 1. 4OTHER TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS 1. 4. 1Piers A pier is a vertical column of relatively larger cross-section than a pile. A pier is installed in a dry area by excavating a cylindrical hole of larger diameter to the desired depth and then backfilling it with concrete. In foundations for large buildings, piers are usually cylindrical concrete shafts, cast in prepared holes, while in bridges they take the form of caissons, which are sunk into position. Piers serve the same purpose as piles but are not installed by hammers and, if based on a stable substrate, will support a greater load than a pile. In massive construction jobs, pier shafts having widths of more than 1. m (6 feet) have been excavated to depths greater than 30 m. The lower portion of a pier may be widened to better distribute the downward pressure of a massive overlying structure. Formerly hand-dug shafts were widely used for piers where groundwater presented no serious problem, but hand excavation has been largely superseded by the use of rotary or percussion drilling. The massive augers used to drill shafts for the piers of modern skyscrap ers are mounted vertically on derricks, and the piers themselves are sufficiently long and wide to support the tremendous weight of even the tallest building. Piers for bridges are often installed by the caisson method. The caisson is a hollow boxlike structure that is sunk down through the water and then through the ground to the bearing stratum by excavating from its interior; it ultimately becomes a permanent part of the completed pier. The methods of drilled pier construction can be classified in three categories as 1. The dry method 2. The casing method 3. The slurry method ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS Advantages 1. Pier of any length and size can be constructed at the site 2. Construction equipment is normally mobile and construction can proceed rapidly 3. Inspection of drilled holes is possible because of the larger diameter of the shafts 4. Very large loads can be carried by a single drilled pier foundation thus eliminating the necessity of a pile cap 5. The drilled pier is applicable to a wide variety of soil conditions 6. Changes can be made in the design criteria during the progress of a job 7. Ground vibration that is normally associated with driven piles is absent in drilled pier construction . Bearing capacity can be increased by underreaming the bottom (in non-caving materials) Disadvantages 1. Installation of drilled piers needs a careful supervision and quality control of all the Materials used in the construction 2. The method is cumbersome. It needs sufficient storage space for all the materials used in the construction 3. The advantage of increased bearing capacity due to compaction in granular soil that could be obtained in driven piles is not there in drilled pier construction 4. Construction of drilled piers at places where there is a heavy current of ground water flow due to artesian pressure is very difficult 1. 4. 3 Caissons Caissons are boxlike structure used in construction work underwater or as a foundation. It is usually rectangular or circular in plan and may be tens of metres in diameter. A box caisson, open at the top and closed at the bottom, is usually constructed on land, then launched, floated to position, and sunk onto a previously prepared foundation, leaving its upper edge above water level. It serves as a suitable shell for a pier, seawall, breakwater, jetty, or similar work, remaining permanently in place on the sea bottom. An open caisson, open at both the bottom and the top, is fitted with a cutting bottom edge, which facilitates sinking through soft material while excavation is carried out inside through a honeycomb of large pipes, or dredging wells. As excavating proceeds and the caisson sinks, additional sections are added to the shaft above. This process is continued until the caisson has sunk to the required depth. A floor, usually of concrete, is laid to provide a bottom seal. The dredging wells can then be filled with concrete to complete the structure. Pneumatic caissons are similar to open caissons except that they are provided with airtight bulkheads above the cutting edge. The space between the bulkhead and cutting edge, called the working chamber, is pressurized to the extent necessary to control the inflow of soil and water; thus the excavating can be performed by workmen operating in the working chamber at the bottom of the caisson. 1. 4. 3 Drilled Shafts The mining industry has been the primary constructor of shafts, because at many locations these are essential for access to ore, for ventilation, and for material transport. Depths of several thousand feet are common. In public-works projects, such as sewer tunnels, shafts are usually only a few hundred feet deep and because of their high cost are avoided in the design stage wherever practical. Shallower shafts find many uses, however, for penstocks and access to underground hydro plants, for dropping aqueduct tunnels beneath rivers, for missile silos, and for oil and liquefied-gas storage. Being essentially vertical tunnels, shafts involve the same problems of different types of ground and water conditions but on an aggravated scale, since vertical transport makes the operation slower, more costly, and even more congested than with horizontal tunneling. Except when there is a high horizontal geostress in rock, the loading on a shaft support is generally less than for a tunnel. Inflowing water, however, is far more dangerous during construction and generally intolerable during operation. Hence, most shafts are concrete-lined and waterproofed, and the lining installation usually follows only a short distance behind excavation. The shape is usually circular, although, before current mechanized excavation methods, mining shafts were frequently rectangular. Shafts may be sunk from the surface (or drilled in smaller sizes), or, if an existing tunnel provides access, they may be raised from below. CHAPTER TWO 2. 1NECESSITY OF PILES Some conditions where pile foundations become a necessity compared to shallow foundations in engineering practice are: 1. In the case of irregularity of a structure’s plan relative to its load distribution and outline. Non-uniform settlement will set in if the structure is constructed on a shallow foundation and therefore requires a pile foundation to reduce the differential settlement. 2. Pile foundations are used to resist horizontal forces and at the same time, support the vertical loads in earth-retaining structures that are subjected to horizontal forces due to earthquake. 3. When there is a case of high compressibility and also weakness in the strata at or just below the ground surface so that the load transmitted by the structure cannot be supported. . They are required for the transmission of structural loads through deep water to a firm stratum. 5. When the soil conditions are such that a wash out, scour or erosion of the soil may occur from underneath a shallow foundation, pile foundation is required. 6. Piles are used to transfer the load beyond the zone of possible moisture changes in the soil. This is because compressible soils such as loess have breakdown of structures accompanied by a sudden decrease in void ratio when there is an increase in water content. 7. In case of expansive soils such as black cotton soil which swell and shrink as the water content changes, pile foundation is employed so as to transfer the load below the active zone 8. In some structures which are obviously subject to uplift, Piles are used in the foundation. Examples of such structures are transmission towers, off-shore platforms etc. 9. To stiffen the soil beneath machine foundations to control both amplitudes of vibration and the natural frequency of the system. 10. When the superstructure loads are very large and shallow foundations can’t bear them CHAPTER THREE 3. 0CLASSIFICATION OF PILES Piles may be classified as long or short in accordance with the L/d ratio of the pile (where L = length, d = diameter of pile). A short pile behaves as a rigid body and rotates as a unit under Lateral loads. The load transferred to the tip of the pile bears a significant proportion of the total vertical load on the top. In the case of a long pile, the length beyond a particular depth loses its significance under lateral loads, but when subjected to vertical load, the frictional load on the sides of the pile bears a significant part to the total load. Piles may further be classified as vertical piles or inclined piles. Vertical piles are normally used to carry mainly vertical loads and very little lateral load. When piles are inclined at an angle to the vertical, they are called batter piles or raker piles. Further classifications and those which will be reviewed in this term-paper are: a) Constitutive material b) Mode of load transfer c) Method of construction d) Their use e) The displacement of soil 3. 1 MATERIAL USED Timber piles Timber piles are made of tree trunks with the branches carefully trimmed off, usually treated with a preservative, and driven with the small end as a point. Occasionally the large end is driven for special purposes as in very soft soil where the soil will flow back against the shaft and with the butt resting on a firm stratum for increased bearing. The tip may be provided with a metal driving shoe when the pile is to penetrate hard or gravelly soils; otherwise it may be cut either square or with some point. Generally there are limitations on the size of the tip and butt end as well as on the misalignment that can be tolerated. Used from earliest record time and still used for permanent works in regions where timber is plentiful. Timber is most suitable for long cohesion piling and piling beneath embankments. The timber should be in a good condition and should not have been attacked by insects. For timber piles of length less than 14 meters, the diameter of the tip should be greater than 150 mm. If the length is greater than 18 meters a tip with a diameter of 125 mm is acceptable. It is essential that the timber is driven in the right direction and should not be driven into firm ground as this can easily damage the pile. Keeping the timber below the ground water level will protect the timber against decay and putrefaction. To protect and strengthen the tip of the pile, timber piles can be provided with toe cover. Pressure creosoting is the usual method of protecting timber piles. Driving of timber piles usually results in the crushing of the fibres on the head (or brooming) which can be somewhat controlled by using a driving cap, or ring around the butt. The usual maximum design load per pile does not exceed 250 KN. Timber piles are usually less expensive in places where timber is plentiful. Concrete piles a) Precast Concrete Piles Piles in this category are formed in a central casting yard to the specified length, cured, and then shipped to the construction site. If space is available and a sufficient quantity of piles needed, a casting yard may be provided at the site to reduce transportation costs. Precast piles may be made using ordinary reinforcement or they may be prestressed. Precast piles using ordinary reinforcement are designed to resist bending stresses during pickup and transport to the site and bending moments from lateral loads and to provide sufficient resistance to vertical loads and any tension forces developed during driving. The design procedures can be found in any text on reinforced-concrete design. However temporary stresses from handling and driving (tensile) may be used that are on the order of 50 percent larger than the allowable concrete design stresses. The minimum pile reinforcement should be 1 percent. Usually of square, triangle, circle or octagonal section, they are produced in short length in one metre intervals between 3 and 13 meters. They are pre-caste so that they can be easily connected together in order to reach to the required length. This will not decrease the design load capacity. Reinforcement is necessary within the pile to help withstand both handling and driving stresses. Maximum load on a prestressed concrete pile is approximately 2000 KN and on precast piles 1000 KN. The optimum load range is 400 to 600 kN. Pre stressed concrete piles are also used and are becoming more popular than the ordinary pre cast as less reinforcement is required. b) Driven and Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles A cast-in-place pile is formed by drilling a hole in the ground and filling it with concrete. The hole may be drilled (as in caissons), or formed by driving a shell or casing into the ground. The casing may be driven using a mandrel, after which withdrawal of the mandrel empties the casing. The casing may also be driven with a driving tip on the point, providing a shell that is ready for filling with concrete immediately, or the casing may be driven open-end, the soil entrapped in the casing being jetted1 out after the driving is completed. Various methods with slightly different end results are available and patented. Note that they are basically of three types: (1) shell or cased, (2) shell-less (uncased), or (3) pedestal types. Two of the main types used in the UK are: West’s shell pile : Pre cast, reinforced concrete tubes, about 1 m long, are threaded on to a steel mandrel and driven into the ground after a concrete shoe has been placed at the front of the shells. Once the shells have been driven to specified depth the mandrel is withdrawn and reinforced concrete inserted in the core. Diameters vary from 325 to 600 mm. Franki Pile: A steel tube is erected vertically over the place where the pile is to be driven, and about a metre depth of gravel is placed at the end of the tube. A drop hammer, 1500 to 4000kg mass, compacts the aggregate into a solid plug which then penetrates the soil and takes the steel tube down with it. When the required depth has been achieved the tube is raised slightly and the aggregate broken out. Dry concrete is now added and hammered until a bulb is formed. Reinforcement is placed in position and more dry concrete is placed and rammed until the pile top comes up to ground level. Steel piles These members are usually rolled HP shapes or pipe piles. Wide-flange beams or I beams may also be used; however, the H shape is especially proportioned to withstand the hard driving stress to which the pile may be subjected. In the HP pile the flanges and web are of equal thickness; the standard W and I shapes usually have a thinner web than flange. Pipe piles are either welded or seamless steel pipes, which may be driven either open-end or closed-end. Closed-end pipe piles are usually filled with concrete after driving. Open-end piles may be filled, but this is often not necessary, because there will be a dense soil plug at some depth below the top (and visible). Here it may only be necessary to jet out some of the upper soil plug to the necessary depth for any reinforcing bars required for bending (and to pump out the water used for jetting), before filling the remainder of the pile cavity with concrete. Concrete in only this shaft depth may be necessary for dowel bars. The HP pile is a small-volume displacement pile since the cross-sectional area is not very large. A plug tends to form between the flanges at greater depths, however, so the bottom several meters may remold the soil on the order of the volume of the plug. An open-end pipe is also considered a small-volume displacement pile; however, a plug also forms inside with a depth one or more meters below the outside ground level probably from a combination of inside perimeter friction and driving vibrations. From the depth at which the plug stabilizes (not visible during driving because of the pile cap and hammer interference) to the final driving depth, the lower soil may be remolded based on the volume of the plug and not the actual area of the pipe section. Steel Iron piles are suitable for handling and driving in long lengths. Their relatively small cross-sectional area combined with their high strength makes penetration easier in firm soil. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding. If the pile is driven into a soil with low pH value, then there is a risk of corrosion, but risk of corrosion is not as great as one might think. Although tar coating or cathodic protection can be employed in permanent works. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way the corrosion process can be prolonged up to 50 years. Normally the speed of corrosion is 0. 2-0. 5 mm/year and, in design, this value can be taken as 1mm/year Composite piles A composite pile comprises the combination of different materials in the same of pile. As indicated earlier, part of a timber pile which is installed above ground water could be vulnerable to insect attack and decay. To avoid this, concrete or steel pile is used above the ground water level, whilst wood pile is installed under the ground water level. This type is rarely used used in practice due to the difficulty encountered in the provision of a proper joint. . 2 Classification of pile with respect to load transmission and functional behavior a) End bearing piles (point bearing piles) b) Friction piles (floating piles) c) Combination of friction and end-bearing piles End bearing piles (Point bearing piles) These piles transfer their load through their bottom tip on to a firm stratum located at a considerable depth below the base of the structure and they derive mo st of their carrying capacity from the penetration resistance of the soil at the toe of the pile. The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be designed as such. artificial intelligence EssayOnce the unit skin friction has been estimated, the shaft resistance is determined from equation For cohesive soils, the ultimate load can be determined by adding the point resistance and the shaft resistance equation (5. 1) Thus; As the clay gets remoulded when the pile is driven, this factor must be taken into account when estimating the load carrying capacity. The remoulded strength is always less than the undisturbed strength, but because of thixotropy, the strength depends upon the consolidation characteristics of the soil and the rate of dissipation of excess water pressure. When using equation , the value of c and c should be judiciously evaluated. 5. 2 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PILES When the fill starts consolidating under its own overburden pressure, it develops a drag on the surface of the pile. This drag on the surface of the pile is called negative friction. Negative friction may develop if the fill material is loose cohesionless soil. Negative friction can also occur when fill is placed over peat or a soft clay stratum. The superimposed loading on such compressible stratum causes heavy settlement of the fill with consequent drag on piles. Negative friction may develop by lowering the ground water which increases the effective stress causing consolidation of the soil with resultant settlement and friction forces being developed on the pile. Negative friction must be allowed when considering the factor of safety on the ultimate carrying capacity of a pile. The factor of safety, Fs, where negative friction is likely to occur may be written as Computation of Negative Friction on a Single Pile The magnitude of negative friction Fn for a single pile in a fill may be taken as (a) For cohesive soils . b) For cohesionless soils Where Ln = length of piles in the compressible material, s = shear strength of cohesive soils in the fill, P = perimeter of pile, K = earth pressure coefficient normally lies between the active and the passive earth pressure coefficients, ? = angle of wall friction which may vary from ? /2 to ?. Negative Friction on Pile Groups When a group of pils passes through a compressible fill, the negative fri ction, Fn , on the group may be found by any of the following methods (a) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. i (b) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii where n = number of piles in the group, = unit weight of soil within the pile group to a depth Ln, P = perimeter of pile group, Ag sectional area of pile group within the perimeter Pg , s = shear strength of soil along the perimeter of the group. Equation i gives the negative friction forces of the group as equal to the sum of the friction forces of all the single piles. Eq ii assumes the possibility of block shear failure along the perimeter of the group which includes the volume of the soil yLnA enclosed in the group. The maximum value obtained from Eqs i or ii should be used in the design. OTHER METHODS OF DETERMINING ULTIMATE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF A SINGLE VERTICAL PILE The ultimate bearing capacity, Qu, of a single vertical pile may also be determined by any of the following methods: 1. By the use of SPT and CPT values. 2. By field load tests. 3. By dynamic method. 5. 3DYNAMIC FORMULAE The load-carrying capacity of a driven pile can be estimated from the resistance against penetration developed during the driving operation. The methods give fairly good results only in the case of free-draining sands and hard clays in which high pore pressure does not develop during the driving of the piles. In saturated fine-grained soils, high pore water pressure develops during the driving operation and the strength of the soil is considerably changed and the methods do not give reliable results. The methods cannot be used for submerged, uniform fine sands which may become loose enough to become quick temporarily and show a much less resistance. The dynamic formulae are based on the assumption that the kinetic energy delivered by the hammer during driving operation is equal to the work done on the pile. Thus; Where W – weight of the hammer h – Height of the ram drop – Efficiency of the pile hammer R – Pile resistance taken to equal Qu S – Pile penetration per blow In equation above, no allowance has been made for the loss of energy during driving operation, loss caused by elastic contraction of the pile, soil, pile cap, cushion and due to the inertia of the pile. Some energy is also lost due to generation of heat. Various formulae have been proposed, which basically differ only in the methods for accounting of the energy losses, as described below: 5. 3. 1Engineering News Record Formulae According to Engineering News Record (ENR) Formulae (1888), the ultimate load is given by Where S – penetration of the pile per hammer blow C – constant ( for drop hammer, C = 2. 54cm and for steam hammer, C = 0. 245) In equation (5. 17), the product can be replaced by the rated energy of hammer (En) in KN-cm. Thus, The efficiency ? h of the drop hammer is generally 0. 7 and 0. 9, and that for a single-acting and a double-acting hammer is between 0. 75 and 0. 85. For diesel hammer, it usually lies between 0. 80 and 0. 90. A factor of safety of 6 is usually recommended. However, the pile load tests reveal that the actual factor varies between 23 and 30. The formula is, therefore, not dependable. Modified formula The Engineering News Record Formulae has been modified recently. In the modified formula, the energy losses in the hammer system and that due to impact are considered. According to this formula; Where P – weight of pile e Coefficient of restitution ?h -hammer efficiency The hammer efficiency (? h) depends upon various factors, such as pile driving equipment, driving procedure, type of pile and the ground conditions. For drop hammers, it is usually taken between 0. 75 and 1. 0; for single acting hammers between 0. 75 and 0. 85; for double-acting or differential hammer, ? 0. 85 and for diesel hammer, ? = 0. 85 to 1. 0. The representative values of the coefficient of restitution (e) are as follows: Broomed timber pile=0. 0 Good timber pile =0. 25 Driving cap with timber dolly on steel pile =0. 3 Driving cap with plastic dolly on steel pile=0. 5 Helmet with composite plastic dolly and packing on R. C. C. pile = 0. 4 5. 3. 2. Hiley Formula Hiley (1925, 1930) gave a formula which takes into account various losses. Where ? h efficiency of hammer blow H height of free fall of the room or hammer S final set or penetration per blow C Sum of temporary elastic composition of the pile, dolly, packings and ground (= C1 + C2 + C3), C1 = temporary compression of dolly and packings (= 1. 77 R/A), when the driving is without dolly, = 9. 05 R/A when the driving is with short dolly), C2 = temporary compression of pile (= 0. 657 RD/A), C3 = temporary compression of ground (= 3. 55 R/A). D Length of the pile A Cross-sectional area of pile P Pile resistance The efficiency of the hammer blow (? h) depends upon the weight of hammer (w), weight of pile, anvil and helmet follower (P) and the coefficient of restitution (e). ) For , b) For , The coefficient of restitution (e) varies from zero for a deteriorated condition of the head of pile to 0. 5 for a steel ram of double acting hammer striking on steel anvil and driving a reinforced concrete pile. For a C. I. ram of a single – acting or drop hammer striking on the head of R. C. C. pile, e = 0. 4 and that striking on a well-conditioned driving cap and helmet with h ard wood on R. C. C. pile, e = 0. 25 (IS:2911 – 1979). 5. 3. 3Danish Formula According to Danish Formula (1929) Where In which So=elastic compression of pile D=Length of pile A=Cross-sectional area E=Modules of elasticity of pile material The allowable load is found by taking of factor of safety of 3 or 4. Equation (5. 24) can also be used to determine the final set (S) per blow Taking . Where 5. 4Comments On The Use Of Dynamic Formulae: 1. Detailed investigations carried out by Vesic (1967) on deep foundations in granular soils indicate that the Engineering News Record Formula applicable to drop hammers. In order to obtain better agreement between the one computed and observed loads, Vesic suggests the following values for the coefficient C. For steel pipe piles, C = 1 cm. For precast concrete piles C = 1. 5 cm. 2. The tests carried out by Vesic in granular soils indicate that Hileys formula does not give consistent results. The values computed from are sometimes higher and sometimes lower than the observed values. 3. Dynamic formulae in general have limited value in pile foundation work mainly because the dynamic resistance of soil does not represent the static resistance, and because often the results obtained from the use of dynamic equations are of questionable dependability. 4. Dynamic formulae could be used with more confidence in freely draining materials such as coarse sand. If the pile is driven to saturated loose fine sand and silt, there is every possibility of development of liquefaction which reduces the bearing capacity of the pile. 5. Dynamic formulae are not recommended for computing allowable loads of piles driven into cohesive soils. In cohesive soils, the resistance to driving increases through the sudden increase in stress in pore water and decreases because of the decreased value of the internal friction between soil and pile because of pore water. These two oppositely directed forces do not lend themselves to analytical treatment and as such the dynamic penetration resistance to pile driving has no relationship to static bearing capacity. There is another effect of pile driving in cohesive soils. During driving the soil becomes remolded and the shear strength of the soil is reduced considerably. Though there will be a regaining of shear strength after a lapse of some days after the driving operation, this will not be reflected in the resistance value obtained from the dynamic formulae. 5. IN-SITU PENETRATION TEST FOR PILE CAPACITY 5. 5. Standard penetration Test. The load carrying capacity of a pile can be estimated from the standard penetration test value (N). i. For driven piles in sand, the unit tip resistance (qp) is related to the uncorrected blow count (N) near the pile point (Meyerhof 1976). Q p = 40N (D/B) ; 400N Where qp = point resistance (Kn/m2), D = Length of pile, B = width (diameter) of pile. The value of qp is u sually limited to 400N. The average unit frictional resistance (fs) is related to the average value of the blow count (N). For high displacement piles, fs = 2. 0N kNm2 For low displacement piles, fs = 1. N kNm2 Where N is average of uncorrected N-value along the length of the piles. ii. For bored piles in sand, qp = 14 N (Db/B) kN/m2 Where Db = actual penetration into the granular soil. For bored piles in sand, the unit frictional resistance (fs) is given by fs = 0. 67 N kNm2 5. 5. 2Dutch cone test: Meyerhof (1965) relates the unit point resistance (qp) and unit skin traction (fs) of driven piles to the cone point resistance. (qc) Point resistance Unit skin friction (a) fs (dense sand) = qc / 200 (b) fs (loose sand) = qc / 400 (c) fc (silt) = qc / 150 . 5. 3 PILE LOAD TEST The load test may be carried out either on a driven pile or a cast-in-situ pile. Load tests may be made either on a single pile or a group of piles. Load tests on a pile group are very costly and may be undertake n only in very important projects. Pile load tests on a single pile or a group of piles are conducted for the determination of 1. Vertical load bearing capacity, 2. Uplift load capacity, 3. Lateral load capacity. Generally load tests are made to determine the bearing capacity and to establish the load settlement relationship under a compressive load. The other two types of tests may be carried out only when piles are required to resist large uplift or lateral forces. Usually pile foundations are designed with an estimated capacity which is determined from a thorough study of the site conditions. At the beginning of construction, load tests are made for the purpose of verifying the adequacy of the design capacity. If the test results show an inadequate factor of safety or excessive settlement, the design must be revised before construction is under way. Load tests may be carried out either on 1. A working pile or 2. A test pile. A working pile is a pile driven or cast-in-situ along with the other piles to carry the loads from the superstructure. The maximum test load on such piles should not exceed one and a half times the design load. A test pile is a pile which does not carry the loads coming from the structure. The maximum load that can be put on such piles may be about 2J/2 times the design load or the load imposed must be such as to give a total settlement not less than one-tenth the pile diameter. Method of Carrying Out Vertical Pile Load Test A vertical pile load test assembly is shown in Fig. 15. 19(a). It consists of 1. An arrangement to take the reaction of the load applied on the pile head, 2. A hydraulic jack of sufficient capacity to apply load on the pile head, and 3. A set of three dial gauges to measure settlement of the pile head. Load Application A load test may be of two types: 1. Continuous load test. 2. Cyclic load test. In the case of a continuous load test, continuous increments of load are applied to the pile head. Settlement of the pile head is recorded at each load level. In the case of the cyclic load test, the load is raised to a particular level, then reduced to zero, again raised to a higher level and reduced to zero. Settlements are recorded at each increment or decrement of load. Cyclic load tests help to separate frictional load from point load. The total elastic recovery or settlement Se, is due to 1. The total plastic recovery of the pile material, 2. Elastic recovery of the soil at the tip of the pile, Sg The total settlement S due to any load can be separated into elastic and plastic settlements by carrying out cyclic load tests as shown in Fig. 15. 19(b). A pile loaded to Ql gives a total settlement Sr When this load is reduced to zero, there is an elastic recovery which is equal to Sel. This elastic recovery is due to the elastic compression of the pile material and the soil. The net settlement or plastic compression is S r The pile is loaded again from zero to the next higher load Q2 and reduced to zero thereafter. The corresponding settlements may be found as before. The method of loading and unloading may be repeated as before. Allowable Load from Single Pile Load Test Data There are many methods by which allowable loads on a single pile may be etermined by making use of load test data. If the ultimate load can be determined from load-settlement curves, allowable loads are found by dividing the ultimate load by a suitable factor of safety which varies from 2 to 3. A factor of safety of 2. 5 is normally recommended. A few of the methods that are useful for the determination of ultimate or allowable loads on a single pile are given below: 1. The ultimate load, Qu, can be determined as the abscissa of the point where the curved part of the load-settlement curve changes to a falling straight line. . Qu is the abscissa of the point of intersection of the initial and final tangents of the load-settlement curve 3. The allowable load Q is 50 percent of the ultimate load at which the total settlement amounts to one-tenth of the diameter of the pile for uniform diameter piles. the manner in which the foundation piles are to be installed. The test piles should be atleast 3 B or 2. 5 m clear from the anchor piles. 4. The allowable load Qa is sometimes taken as equal to two-thirds of the load which causes a total settlement of 12 mm. 5. The allowable load Qa is sometimes taken as equal to two-thirds of the load which causes a net (plastic) settlement of 6 mm. DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD FROM LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVES If pile groups are loaded to failure, the ultimate load of the group, Q u, may be found by any one of the first two methods mentioned above for single piles. However, if the groups are subjected to only one and a half-times the design load of the group, the allowable load on the group cannot be found on the basis of 12 or 6 mm settlement criteria applicable to single piles. In the case of a group with piles spaced at less than 6 to 8 times the pile diameter, the stress interaction of the adjacent piles affects the settlement considerably. The settlement criteria applicable to pile groups should be the same as that applicable to shallow foundations at design loads. OTHER TYPES OF PILE LOAD TESTS 1. Constant rate of penetration test. In a constant-rate of penetration tests, the load on the pile is continuously increased to maintain a constant rate of penetration (from 0. 25 to 5 mm per minutes). The force reqiur3ed to achieve that rate of penetration is recorded, and a load settlement curve is drawn. The ultimate curve can be determined from the curve. 1) Routine Load test. This test is carried out on a working pile with a view to determine the settlement corresponding to the allowable load. As the working pile would ultimately form a part of the foundation, the maximum load is limited to one and half times the safe load or upto the load which gives a total settlement of 12 mm. 2) Cyclic Load test. The load is carried out for separation of skin friction and point resistance of a pile. In the test, an incremental load is repeatedly applied and removed. 3) Lateral Load test. The test is conducted to determine the safe lateral load on a pile. A hydraulic jack is generally introduced between two pile to apply a lateral load. The reaction may also be suitably obtained from some other support. The test may also be carried out by applying a lateral pull by a suitable set-up. 4) Pull out test. The test is carried out to determine the safe tension of a pile. In the set-up, the hydraulic jack rests against a frame attached to the top of the test pile such that the pile gets pulled up. CHAPTER SIX GROUP ACTION OF PILES. A pile is not used singularly beneath a column or a wall, because it is extremely difficult to drive the pile absolutely vertical and to place the foundation exactly over its centre over its centre line. If eccentric loading result, the connection between the pile and the column may break or the pile may fail structurally because of bending stresses. In actual practice, structural load are supported by several piles acting as a group. For columns, a minimum of three piles in a triangular pattern are used. For walls, piles are installed in a staggered arrangement on both sides of its center line. The loads are usually transferred to the pile group through a reinforced concrete slab, structurally tied to the pile tops such as that the piles act as one unit. The slab is known as a pile cap. The load acts on the pile cap which distributes the load tom the piles. The load carrying capacity of a pile group is not necessarily equal to the sum of the capacity of the individual piles. Estimation of the load-carrying capacity of a pile group is a complicated problem. When the piles are spaced a sufficient distance apart, the group capacity may approach the sum of the individual capacities. On the other hand, if the piles are closely spaced, the stresses transmitted by the piles to the soil may overlap, and this may reduce the load-carrying capacity is limited by the group action. The efficiency () of a group of pile is defined as the ratio of the ultimate load of the group to the sum of individual ultimate loads. Or Where Qg(u) = ultimate load of the group, Q(u) = ultimate load of the individual pile, N = Number of piles in the group. Thus the group efficiency is equal to the ratio of the average load per pile in the group at which the failure occurs to the ultimate load of a comparable single pile. The group efficiency depends upon the spacing of the piles. Ideally, the spacing should be sure that the efficiency is 100%. Generally, the centre to centre spacing is kept between 2. 5 B and 3. 5 B, where B is the diameter of the pile. The methods for the determi

Thursday, April 9, 2020

Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Essays -

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Time and Fate in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, said to be one of the most famous love stories of all times, is a play anchored on time and fate. Some actions are believed to occur by chance or by destiny. The timing of each action influences the outcome of the play. While some events are of less significance, some are crucial to the development of this tragedy. The substantial events that inspire the conclusion of Romeo and Juliet are; the Capulet ball, the quarrel experienced by Tybalt and Romeo, and Friar John's plague. A servant to Capulet, who is incapable of reading the list of guests, asks for Romeo's assistance. Romeo notices that Rosaline, his lover, is among these names. Benvolio challenges Romeo to compare her with other "beauties." Benvolio predicts, "Compare her face with some that I shall show,/ And I will make thee think thy swan a crow." (I, ii, l 86-87) To show his appreciation, the servant asks for Romeo's presence at the ball. Romeo should have considered the servant's warning; if Romeo occupies the name of Montague, he shall not be permitted. Once at the ball, Romeo is searching for a maiden to substitute the unrequited love of Rosaline. Romeo happens to gaze upon Juliet, who charms Romeo. Romeo proclaims, " Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/ For ne'er saw true beauty till this night." (I, v, l 52-53) Since Romeo declares his love for Juliet, she feels the attraction also. They believe that they are in love and must marry. However, it is a genuine coincidence that Romeo and Juliet were at the same place, at the same time. Some days after the ball, Benvolio and Mercutio are conversing, in regard to the quarrelsome weather. Benvolio declares, "The day is hot, the Capulets abroad,/ And if we meet we shall not ?scape a brawl,/ For now these got days is the mad blood stirring." (III, i, l 2-4) At this point, Tybalt, who has challenged Romeo because of his appearance at the masquerade, enters, seeking Romeo. On Romeo's behalf, Mercutio struggles with Tybalt, while Romeo, who is filled with love for his new cousin, tries to end their boldness. Before escaping, Tybalt plunges his sword into Mercutio, causing death to fall upon him. Mercutio blames Romeo and the feud for his fate. Romeo kills Tybalt, who taunts Romeo, upon his return. Romeo fears he will be condemned to death if he does not flee before the arrival of the Prince. Benvolio recalls the events that have happened, with some embellishment. The Prince declares: And for that offence/ Immediately we do exile him hence./ I hav an in your hate's proceeding,/ My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;/ But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine/ That you shall repent the loss of mine./ I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;/ Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses;/ Therefore use none. Let Romeo hence in haste,/ Else, when he's found, that hour is his last./ Bear hence this body and attend our will./ Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. (III, i, l 185-195) Due to the disturbance of Verona's street and the losses of Tybalt and Mercutio, the Prince must penalize Romeo. However, the Prince agrees that Romeo was acting in self defense. Juliet, who desires not to wed Paris, asks for Friar Laurence's assistance. The day before the wedding, Juliet is to drink the poison, which will make her appear to be dead. In forty two hours she shall awake, with Romeo by her side. Romeo will then bring her to Mantua with him. In the meantime Friar Laurence will convey a message to Romeo in Mantua, telling him the plot. When she gains consciousness, Romeo and Friar Laurence will be there. Friar Laurence says, "Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,/ And hither shall he come; and he and I/ Will watch thy waking" (IV, i, l 114-116) Following Juliet's intake of the poison, Romeo is anticipating news from Verona. Balthasar, a servant to Romeo, tells Romeo that Juliet has passed on. Romeo, who is told there are no letters from the friar, seeks a way to accomplish his suicide. Meanwhile, Friar Laurence, confronts Friar John, who was to deliver the letter to Romeo. Friar John informs Friar Laurence that he was seeking another Franciscan, who was visiting the sick, to accompany him to Mantua. He says, "Suspecting that we both were in a house/ Where the infectious pestilence did reingn,/ Seal'd up the Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Essays - Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Time and Fate in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, said to be one of the most famous love stories of all times, is a play anchored on time and fate. Some actions are believed to occur by chance or by destiny. The timing of each action influences the outcome of the play. While some events are of less significance, some are crucial to the development of this tragedy. The substantial events that inspire the conclusion of Romeo and Juliet are; the Capulet ball, the quarrel experienced by Tybalt and Romeo, and Friar John's plague. A servant to Capulet, who is incapable of reading the list of guests, asks for Romeo's assistance. Romeo notices that Rosaline, his lover, is among these names. Benvolio challenges Romeo to compare her with other beauties. Benvolio predicts, Compare her face with some that I shall show,/ And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. (I, ii, l 86-87) To show his appreciation, the servant asks for Romeo's presence at the ball. Romeo should have considered the servant's warning; if Romeo occupies the name of Montague, he shall not be permitted. Once at the ball, Romeo is searching for a maiden to substitute the unrequited love of Rosaline. Romeo happens to gaze upon Juliet, who charms Romeo. Romeo proclaims, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/ For ne'er saw true beauty till this night. (I, v, l 52-53) Since Romeo declares his love for Juliet, she feels the attraction also. They believe that they are in love and must marry. However, it is a genuine coincidence that Romeo and Juliet were at the same place, at the same time. Some days after the ball, Benvolio and Mercutio are conversing, in regard to the quarrelsome weather. Benvolio declares, The day is hot, the Capulets abroad,/ And if we meet we shall not ?scape a brawl,/ For now these got days is the mad blood stirring. (III, i, l 2-4) At this point, Tybalt, who has challenged Romeo because of his appearance at the masquerade, enters, seeking Romeo. On Romeo's behalf, Mercutio struggles with Tybalt, while Romeo, who is filled with love for his new cousin, tries to end their boldness. Before escaping, Tybalt plunges his sword into Mercutio, causing death to fall upon him. Mercutio blames Romeo and the feud for his fate. Romeo kills Tybalt, who taunts Romeo, upon his return. Romeo fears he will be condemned to death if he does not flee before the arrival of the Prince. Benvolio recalls the events that have happened, with some embellishment. The Prince declares: And for that offence/ Immediately we do exile him hence./ I hav an in your hate's proceeding,/ My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;/ But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine/ That you shall repent the loss of mine./ I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;/ Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses;/ Therefore use none. Let Romeo hence in haste,/ Else, when he's found, that hour is his last./ Bear hence this body and attend our will./ Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. (III, i, l 185-195) Due to the disturbance of Verona's street and the losses of Tybalt and Mercutio, the Prince must penalize Romeo. However, the Prince agrees that Romeo was acting in self defense. Juliet, who desires not to wed Paris, asks for Friar Laurence's assistance. The day before the wedding, Juliet is to drink the poison, which will make her appear to be dead. In forty two hours she shall awake, with Romeo by her side. Romeo will then bring her to Mantua with him. In the meantime Friar Laurence will convey a message to Romeo in Mantua, telling him the plot. When she gains consciousness, Romeo and Friar Laurence will be there. Friar Laurence says, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,/ And hither shall he come; and he and I/ Will watch thy waking (IV, i, l 114-116) Following Juliet's intake of the poison, Romeo is anticipating news from Verona. Balthasar, a servant to Romeo, tells Romeo that Juliet has passed on. Romeo, who is told there are no

Monday, March 9, 2020

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones Mammoth bone dwellings are a very early type of housing constructed by Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in central Europe during the Late Pleistocene. A mammoth (Mammuthus primogenus, and also known as Woolly Mammoth) was a type of enormous ancient now-extinct elephant, a hairy large-tusked mammal that stood ten feet tall as an adult. Mammoths roamed most of the world, including the continents of Europe and North America, until they died out at the end of the Pleistocene. During the late Pleistocene, mammoths provided meat and skin for human hunter-gatherers, fuel for fires, and, in some cases during the Upper Paleolithic of central Europe, as building materials for houses. A mammoth bone dwelling is typically a circular or oval structure with walls made of stacked large mammoth bones  often modified to allow them to be lashed together or implanted into the soil. Within the interior is typically found a central hearth or several scattered hearths. The hut is generally surrounded by numerous large pits, full of mammoth and other animal bones. Ashy concentrations with flint artifacts appear to represent middens; many of the mammoth bone settlements have a preponderance of ivory and bone tools. External hearths, butchering areas, and flint workshops are often found in association with the hut: scholars call these combinations Mammoth Bone Settlements (MBS). Dating mammoth bone dwellings has been problematic. The earliest dates were between 20,000 and 14,000 years ago, but most of these have been re-dated to between 14,000-15,000 years ago. However, the oldest known MBS is from the Molodova site, a Neanderthal Mousterian occupation located on the Dniester River of Ukraine, and dated some 30,000 years earlier than most of the known Mammoth Bone Settlements. Archaeological Sites There is considerable debate about many of these sites, leading to more confusion about how many mammoth bone huts have been identified. All have massive amounts of mammoth bone, but the debate for some of them centers on whether the bone deposits include mammoth-bone structures. All of the sites date to the Upper Paleolithic period (Gravettian or Epi-Gravettian), with the sole exception of Molodova 1, which dates to the Middle Stone Age and is associated with Neanderthals. Penn State archaeologist  Pat Shipman  has provided additional sites (and the map) to include in this list, which includes some very dubious attributions: Ukraine:  Molodova 5,  Molodova I,  Mezhirich, Kiev-Kirillovskii, Dobranichevka, Mezin,  Ginsy,  Novgorod-seversky,  Gontsy, Pushkari, RadomyshlCzech Republic:  Predmosti,  Dolni Vestonice, Vedrovice 5, Milovice GPoland:  Dzierzyslaw, Krakow-Spadzista Street BRomania:  Ripiceni-IzvorRussia:  Kostenki I, Avdeevo, Timonovka, Elisseevich, Suponevo,  YudinovoBelarus: Berdyzh Settlement Patterns In the Dnepr river region of Ukraine, numerous mammoth bone settlements have been found and recently re-dated to the epi-Gravettian between 14,000 and 15,000 years ago. These mammoth bone huts are typically located on old river terraces, above and within a ravine trending down to a slope overlooking the river. This type of location is believed to have been a strategic one, as it is placed in the path or near the pathway of what would have been migrating animal herds between the steppe plain and the riverside. Some mammoth bone dwellings are isolated structures; others have up to six dwellings, although they may not have been occupied at the same time. Evidence for contemporaneity of dwelling has been identified by refits of tools: for example, at  Mezhirich  in Ukraine, it appears that at least three dwellings were occupied at the same time. Shipman (2014) has argued that sites such as Mezhirich and others with mega-deposits of mammoth bone (known as mammoth mega-sites) were made possible by the introduction of dogs as hunting partners,   Mammoth Bone Hut Dates Mammoth bone dwellings are not the only or first type of house:  Upper Paleolithic  open-air houses are found as pit-like depressions excavated into the subsoil or based with stone rings or postholes, like that seen at Pushkari or  Kostenki. Some UP houses are partly built of bone and partly of stone and wood, such as Grotte du Reine, France. Sources Demay L, Pà ©an S, and Patou-Mathis M. 2012.  Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4,   Quaternary International  276-277:212-226. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019Molodova I (Ukraine).Gaudzinski S, Turner E, Anzidei AP, lvarez-Fernndez E, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Cinq-Mars J, Dobosi VT, Hannus A, Johnson E, Mà ¼nzel SC et al. 2005.  The use of Proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life.  Quaternary International  126–128(0):179-194. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.022Germonprà © M, Sablin M, Khlopachev GA, and Grigorieva GV. 2008. Possible evidence of mammoth hunting during the Epigravettian at Yudinovo, Russian Plain.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(4):475-492. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2008.07.003Iakovleva L, and Djindjian F. 2005.  New data on Mammoth bone settlements of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Gontsy site (Ukraine).  Quaternary International   126–128:195-207.Iakovleva L, Djindjian F, Maschenko EN, Konik S, and Moigne AM. 2012.  The late Upper Palaeolithic site of Gontsy (Ukraine): A reference for the reconstruction of the   Quaternary International  255:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.004hunter–gatherer system based on a mammoth economy. Iakovleva LA, and Djindjian F. 2001. New data on mammoth bone dwellings of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Ginsy site (Ukraine). Paper given at the World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome 2001Marquer L, Lebreton V, Otto T, Valladas H, Haesaerts P, Messager E, Nuzhnyi D, and Pà ©an S. 2012.  Charcoal scarcity in Epigravettian settlements with mammoth bone dwellings: the taphonomic evidence from Mezhyrich (Ukraine).  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(1):109-120.Pà ©an S. 2010. Mammoth and subsistence practices during the Mid Upper Palaeolithic of Central Europe (Moravia, Czech Republic). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, and Palombo MR, editors.  The World of Elephants - Proceedings of the 1st International Congress.  Rome: Consiglio Nazionale  delle  Ricerche. p 331-336.Shipman P. 2015.  The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Harvard: Cambridge.Shipman P. 2014.  How do you kill 86 mammoths ? Taphonomic investigations of mammoth   Quaternary International  (in press). 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.048megasites. Svoboda J, Pà ©an S, and Wojtal P. 2005.  Mammoth bone deposits and subsistence practices during Mid-Upper Palaeolithic in Central Europe: three cases from Moravia and Poland.  Quaternary International  126–128:209-221.Wojtal P, and Sobczyk K. 2005.  Man and  woolly  mammoth at the Krakà ³w Spadzista Street (B) – taphonomy of the site.  Journal of Archaeological Science  32(2):193-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.005

Saturday, February 22, 2020

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example But she does not remain happy with him because of his insulting behavior and instead runs away with Joe who becomes mayor of the town they run to using his wife as a source. Later, he starts insulting her and dies, causing Janie to marry Tea Cake who is very young for her age. One day, Tea Cake is shot dead by Janie because he was infected with Rabies. Every time Janie got married, she gave herself in the hands of her husband who decided her fortune. Janie is attracted to nature and looked for natural love in her relationships which she rarely discovered except for once when she was saved by Tea Cake as he fought the dog that gave him Rabies. To her misfortune, she had to kill Tea Cake for it was God’s decision. She feels guilty that she did not realize the sign when God warned her through the Indians about the hurricane that left Tea Cake into Rabies. Upon its initial publication in 1937, the book was quite less appreciated. The black community thought that the cruelty and insult they were offered by the white lot was quite misrepresented in the

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

The American Cancer Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The American Cancer Society - Essay Example According to the ACS (2015), nearly 1.5 million new incidences of cancer occur in the United States yearly. This rise in cancer cases has been attributed to various causes. ACS states that cancer is caused by exposure to specific chemicals such as lead and asbestos. Exposure to radiation also causes or increases the probability of developing cancer. In addition, genetics plays a vital role in causing cancer. Some cancer types are caused by genetics which are transferred from generation to generation. Poor lifestyle factors can also lead to cancer, for example, poor diet and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle (Kitahara et al., 2012). Smoking tobacco has also been linked to lung cancer. Cancer policies should focus more on prevention measures. Further, the public should be educated about the significance of regular screening practices. Regular screening practices will help health care professionals to detect the ailment early before it progresses. These practices will minimize the incidence of cancer in the United States. The ACS (2015) funds the palliative care research program to a tune of 26 million dollars. Through this program, ACS will improve the quality of life for patients. Subsequently, the negative side effects from cancer will be minimized. Thus, the program will aid in improving the lives of cancer patients and their families. More than 60% of cancer patients undergo painful treatment procedures leading to a reduction in quality of life.

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Example for Free

Jesus Galilean Ministry Essay Jesus is the one sent by God the Father from Heaven for purposes of redemption of sin and restoration of the lost glory after the downfall of mankind. The four gospel books brings it forth that He is the promised Messiah whose coming was prophesied by prophet Isaiah in Isaiah 9:1-7 (Brown, 1979). He was brought up and began His ministry in Galilee which comprise of the northern regions of Palestine, Sea of Galilee and west of Jordan (Luke 4:14-15). Before he began his ministry, Jesus underwent various activities in preparation of the public launching of the ministry. Among these things include the baptism in river Jordan by the one known to be the â€Å"Voice of the one calling from the desert, prepare the way of the Lord Messiah†. It is after this baptism when the ministry of John the Baptist is no longer seen further in the bible and also the evidenced infilling of the Holy Spirit which enables Him in the execution of the God’s kingdom work (Niswonger, 1992). Jesus Ministry and God’s Kingdom When among the crowds, Jesus used parables which can be said to be wise twisted phrases of teaching but with hidden meaning like the parable of the Samaritan woman in John 4 (Funk et al, 1998). In all the parables he used, there was an intended message that he wanted drive into the followers and the crowds following him (Thomas Gundry, 1988). Healing of the Blind 0717897758 Among the many teachings offered by Jesus during the ministry is the story of the man born blind but healed on the Sabbath (John 9:1-12). From this story, it is clear that many believed that any deformity in a person was the result of a sin committed. Jesus contradicts this acutely in the story and puts it clear that this was purposeful and intended for reasons of God’s work to be seen. This healing raised a lot of concern from the Pharisees who sought an opportunity to persecute Jesus because of His teachings. The healed man openly declares Jesus as a prophet from God something which does not convince the Pharisees of the origin and mission of Jesus as one sent from the Father (God). The Pharisees go farther to enquire from the man’s parents about whether that man was their son. In fear of being chased out of the synagogues, the parents refer the Pharisees back to the man claiming that he is old enough to explain everything. It also raised a difference among the Pharisees some who claim that He is not from God because He keeps not the Sabbath while others are for the view that he is God sent because no sinner can perform the miracles and wonders he did. This serves to show God’s power and ability through the awaited messiah as well as proving the truth in Jesus’ words that He is sent from God. Jesus and Evil Spirits Demons are also seen to give into the command of the power and authority endowed in Jesus. This is depicted by the outright confession of demons in a man during a visit in the town of Capernaum by Jesus. In this case, the demons cry out in total submission to the authority of Jesus and acknowledge Him as the â€Å"Holy one of God, the Jesus of Nazareth† (Mark 1:24). Jesus is seen to command silence among the demons after which the evil spirits vigorously shake the man to the ground and depart immediately. The command by Jesus upon the evil spirits marks the separation of these spirits and the man. The crowds around also noted a difference and see the teachings of this man (Jesus) as one endowed with authority as opposes to those of the teachers of the law. This information is recorded to reach the whole Galilee as the people saw the truth accompanied with authority in work, something highly opposed by the Pharisees (Niswonger, 1992). This act thus advances the kingdom of God as one with power and authority as well as supreme to all other authorities of evil nature. The Calling of Levi The calling of Levi, a tax collector, is another story that focuses on the ministry of Jesus in the elaboration and nature of the kingdom of God. After his call, Levi follows Jesus and prepares a banquet for Him in his house. The fellow tax collectors also came to dine together with Jesus in Levis’ house. The banquet became another platform of criticism from the Pharisees who saw Him dining with tax collectors for they regarded them as outcasts and non candidates of the kingdom of God (Luke 5:27-31). In knowledge of His reason of coming to the world, Jesus answers them by telling them that it is the sick who consult a doctor and not the healthy. With this, He meant that His coming was not for the righteous and blameless but for those in darkness and wilderness of sin and iniquity (Vs 31). This indicates that Jesus came for purpose of redeeming the lost back to the kingdom of God and everyone is welcome as long as she or he is ready to follow and adhere to His commands (Thomas Gundry, 1988). Conclusion In Galilee, Jesus performed various miracles and wonders as well as teaching the crowds in the temple and synagogues (Niswonger, 1992). His ministry threatened much the Pharisees, Teachers of the law and Sadducees who had a lot of opposition. Despite all these oppositions, Jesus did not stop accomplishing the will of the one who sent Him but rather he sees this as fulfillment of the word of God (John 15:25). The crowds made a clear distinction between the Pharisees and Jesus and many are seen to follow Jesus due to the assistance, help, miracles and wonders He performed. At the end of the ministry, He assigns His disciples with one assignment â€Å"Go to the world and preach the gospel of the Lord and tell the people to denounce their evil ways and follow Gods’ righteous way. Also, they were to baptize all believers in the Trinity way† (Mathew 28:16-20).

Monday, January 20, 2020

Hinduism :: essays research papers

Hinduism hinduism The term Hinduism refers to the civilization of the Hindus (originally, the inhabitants of the land of the Indus River). Introduced in about 1830 by British writers, it properly denotes the Indian civilization of approximately the last 2,000 years, which evolved from Vedism the religion of the Indo-European peoples who settled in India in the last centuries of the 2nd millennium BC. The spectrum that ranges from the level of popular Hindu belief to that of elaborate ritual technique and philosophical speculation is very broad and is attended by many stages of transition and varieties of coexistence. Magic rites, animal worship, and belief in demons are often combined with the worship of more or less personal gods or with mysticism, asceticism, and abstract and profound theological systems or esoteric doctrines. The worship of local deities does not exclude the belief in pan-Indian higher gods or even in a single high God. Such local deities are also frequently looked down up on as manifestations of a high God. In principle, Hinduism incorporates all forms of belief and worship without necessitating the selection or elimination of any. It is axiomatic that no religious idea in India ever dies or is superseded-it is merely combined with the new ideas that arise in response to it. Hindus are inclined to revere the divine in every manifestation, whatever it may be, and are doctrinally tolerant, allowing others - including both Hindus and non-Hindus - whatever beliefs suit them best. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu, and because Hindus are disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods, and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, they tend to believe that the highest divine powers are complement one another. Few religious ideas are considered to be irreconcilable. The core of religion does not depend on the existence or nonexistence of God or on whether th ere is one god or many. Because religious truth is said to transcend all verbal definition, it is not conceived in dogmatic terms. Moreover, the tendency of Hindus to distinguish themselves from others on the basis of practice rather than doctrine further de-emphasizes doctrinal differences. Hinduism is both a civilization and a congregation of religions; it has neither a beginning or founder, nor a central authority, hierarchy, or organization. Hindus believe in an uncreated, eternal, infinite, transcendent, and all-embracing principle, which, comprising in itself being and non-being, is the sole reality, the ultimate cause and foundation, source, and goal of all existence.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

High school student drop out Essay

The increasingly high rate of school dropout is worrying all the stakeholders in the education sector including parents, teachers and the government. This is because these people are aware of the challenges that will face students who drop out of school. Although leaders have called on communities, families and schools to make efforts to ensure that students remain at school, the rate at which the students drop out of school is still high. It is therefore important that we analyze the problem with a view of understanding it better, so that we may know how to resolve it once and for all. see more:research paper about tardiness The number of students who complete school in the US has been steadily declining over the years. In fact, over the last decades, this figure has only increased in seven states. In ten states, the percentage of students who did not complete school was 8% or higher, which reflects a disturbing trend. US is currently ranked tenth among the countries in the world which have the highest school completion rates. When a country that is considered to be the superpower is ranked tenth on school completion rates, this shows that there is a major underlying problem. Factors that contribute to the high school student drop out rate. Family cohesion and background. This is one of the major reasons why students drop out of school. Students who come from families where there is violence, abusive homes or poor parental relations have higher chances of dropping out of school, compared to those who come from stable homes. This is due to the fact that such children are more likely to have stress and depression because of the problems that they have. They are also likely to start abusing drugs at an early age, which may contribute to their dropping out of school. Statistics also show that children who come from single parent families are also more likely to drop out of school than those who have both parents. This situation is linked to low self esteem as well as problems that children who come from single parent families face. Early pregnancy. Early pregnancy is a major challenge for young girls, and is a contributor to their dropping out of school. This situation is compounded by situations where the young girls’ families are not financially stable, or cases where the boy responsible for the pregnancy is either unwilling or unable to support the girl. Many young girls who face this situation usually take breaks to give birth, but fail to return to school due to various reasons. The girls who are not financially well off are forced to drop out of school to take care of their children, while others fear going back to school due to stigmatization. School violence. This is a factor that is increasingly contributing to the dropping out of school by students. School violence has increased in the recent past, and takes various forms. It might take the form of serious security breaches that involve use of deadly weapons, like was witnessed in the 1999 Columbine high school massacre (Rosenberg 2008). It may also take the form of bullying and harassment of students by fellow classmates. Both these forms of violence have the potential to create fear to actual victims, and may discourage them from attending school. In these cases, there is genuine fear for their lives and they may drop out of school. Employment. Poverty or general unemployment of members of the family may make students drop out of school. This is because the students may be forced to work in order to support their family. In these cases, the students may not have adequate time to study due to the responsibilities that they have. Employment opportunities may not only be available to the students who are not well off financially. Some students come from financially stable families but look for employment opportunities so that they might save money. These students are also likely to drop out of school since it is difficult to work and study at the same time. Psychological or personal characteristics. There are certain characteristics that students may possess, which may make them drop out of school at an early age. These may be either physical or psychological characteristics. Psychological characteristics may include low self esteem, mental illnesses, depression and stress, among other problems. In case students have these problems and they are either not addressed early enough, or these students lack learning facilities that accommodate their unique needs, they are highly likely to drop out of school. According to Kenneth (35-39), students may also face physical disabilities that hinder the learning process. Such include blindness, deafness or other physical disabilities. If such students also lack facilities that can handle their needs, they are also likely to drop out of school. Substance abuse. According to David and Wayne (4-8), students who engage in substance abuse have very high chances of dropping out of school. Students who abuse alcohol or other hard drugs such as cannabis, heroin, cocaine or other drugs are likely to drop out of school. This is due to the disciplinary problems that they are likely to face in school as well as the fact that such drugs hinder the learning capabilities. Such students are unlikely to perform well in school, and this has the effect of demotivating them. They are also more likely to face stress and depression, and all these factors work to increase their chances of dropping out of school. Perceived loss of value of school diplomas. The modern business environment has become very competitive, and this is attributed to globalization. Success in the modern world is increasingly based on merit and job performance. Employers are nowadays looking for very high academic qualification when recruiting employees. In this regards, high school diplomas are generally perceived to have lost value, and students need to pursue further education so that they might get employment opportunities in this competitive business environment. Some students therefore opt to drop out of school and pursue other interests due to this perception. Such interests include drama, movies, modeling or the music industry. However, what most students are not aware of is that one has to have basic education in order to be successful in these fields. High school education acts as a platform for pursuing further education and building a career. Limited number of counselors. Statistics point to the fact that the average number of students who are served by a single counselor is 500. In high school, the average number of students served by a single counselor is 285. These counsellors have many tasks to accomplish and have very little time to interact with students. According to Jill (311-317), students who are about to drop out of school may therefore not find someone to talk to and get advice regarding the situation. This is also compounded by the fact that most of these students have poor relations with their parents, since teenagers and parents usually have communication problems. Students therefore opt to drop out of school due to lack of advice on the consequences of making this decision. Solutions to these problems. Counseling. Most students may reverse their decision to drop out of school if they are advised on the consequences of making this decision by someone that they trust. In most of these cases, counselors are the best people to advice the students since there are young counsellors who understand the problems that these students go through. The government should ensure that there are enough counselors to serve all students. Sometimes students may be depressed and they only need someone to share their problems with. When they are unable to find someone, they take drastic steps like dropping out of schools. Counselors will advise students that education is very important for success in life. Safety. The government and all education stakeholders should also ensure that the school environment is safe for all people. There should be adequate controls that prevent and deal with security breaches, either involving deadly weapons or bullying. Some problems like bullying may appear to be petty and they are ignored in most academic institutions. However they are serious problems that should not be ignored, since they have high psychological impacts on the victims. When students can feel safe in the school environment, they will look forward to going to school to learn. After all, these students spend most of their time in schools, and once they feel that they are unsafe, they are likely to drop out of school. Family problems. According to Gail (211-216), it is evident that family problems is a major factor that contributes to dropping out of school. It is a very sensitive issue considering that there is a limitation to which strangers may involve themselves in family matters. It is however imperative that problems such as violence and abuse are reported to the authorities, and these will be addressed through the relevant laws. These problems cannot be condoned, since once students are not comfortable in their own homes, it will be difficult for them to concentrate in class and learn. Other family issues such as parental and child conflict should be addressed through dialog, either between the school administration and the individual families, or through counseling by qualified professionals. This dialog will enable the underlying problems to be identified and solved, so that the children may stay in school. Early pregnancy. This problem is best solved by preventing the issue, rather than addressing it after it has occurred. The young people should be told about the consequences of early sex, especially unsafe sex. These students should be made to understand that in addition to the risk of pregnancy, there is also a risk of contracting STIs such as HIV/AIDS. However, one a girl becomes pregnant, she should be allowed to stay in school until the time to give birth, after which she is given a break. She should resume school after giving birth, as this is very important. Counselors and parents should play a crucial role in guiding girls who are undergoing this experience. The government should also set up funds to help girls who are pregnant and do not have the resources to take care of the baby, and go back to school. Facilities for the handicapped. The government has a crucial role of ensuring that there are learning facilities that will take care of the needs of students who face either physical or mental disabilities. There should also be enough teachers who have been trained on how to take care of the needs of these students. This will ensure that these students learn just like their peers, and that they have equal opportunities in life. Value of diplomas. The stakeholders in the educational sector have a crucial role to play in publicizing the value of the high school diplomas. There should be regular talks between these stakeholders and the students regarding the issue. Students should be made to understand that although the modern world has become very competitive, it is imperative that they obtain at least the high school diploma. The reason is that the diploma acts as a platform in acquiring further employment opportunities and joining a profession. Employment. The government should enforce the laws that bar the employment of young people who are below the legal age. It should also hold regular forums with employers regarding employment of young people with a view of regulating the hours that they work. The employers should also be made to insist that young employees pursue education, since this will be the platform for promotions and advancement in the careers. This will enable that the young people who work have enough time to study. Conclusion and recommendation. The stakeholders in the education sector should join hands in ensuring the the drop out rate drastically reduces, and that each child knows the value of education. The solutions to the problems that have been discussed above should be implemented, so that this objective may be achieved. Above all, students should be made to understand that the high school diploma is a platform for opportunities in life.